Instead of telling you how to install and use it, I’ll refer you to an excellent tutorial on the whole thing that you can find here. My personal favourite is pyenv, a plugin for virtualenv that makes it much easier to use.
Installing other python versions alongside it, or messing with the required packages, is a recipe for a type of disaster very hard to recover from. Remember that most, if not all, modern fixed release distros are heavily dependent on python. Python virtual managers will help you install, manage and switch through multiple versions of python on your system without any of them ever having a chance of conflicting with your own system python and potentially corrupting it. So, for a correct and safe Python installation on Linux you use a Python virtual environment manager. But instead install a duplicate version on your home folder. In other words, even if you are developing for a python version that comes with your Linux distro, you never use that.
Meaning on this case that you would have two pythons of the same version: one belonging to the system, which you never use or touch (except of course when Ubuntu MATE upgrade wants to upgrade it) and another for your purposes. And yes, this even includes installing again the current version of Python that exists already on your system, if you are interested in developing on python. The recommended way to handle Python is to leave the system version alone and install any Python versions on your home folder. Best to leave the system Python completely alone, as well as any of its packages. Ubuntu MATE, like any other self-respecting complex Linux system, is heavily dependent on Python. With no disrespect meant, I suggest you don’t install Python to your system folders like suggested in the above link.
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